Lexical alignment is affected by addressee but not speaker nativeness

Abstract Interlocutors tend to refer objects using the same names as each other. We investigated whether native and non-native interlocutors’ tendency do so is influenced by speakers’ nativeness their beliefs about an interlocutor's nativeness. A or participant a confederate directed other around map deliver locations. manipulated confederates referred favored disfavored name, while controlling for confederates’ language behavior. found evidence of audience design addressees: participants were more likely use name after used that than name; this did not differ between participants. Results suggest both speakers can adapt partners through non-automatic, goal-directed mechanisms alignment during cognitively demanding communicative tasks.